I. Introduction

In the history of archaeology, the pyramids of Earth—especially the Giza pyramid complex in Egypt—stand as one of the most remarkable achievements of human civilization around 2580–2560 BCE. The image you provided juxtaposes the three pyramids of Giza with three pyramid-shaped landforms on the Martian surface, captured by satellite imagery from ESA/DLR/FU Berlin during the early 21st century.

Although the Martian formations are not considered artificial structures, but rather natural geomorphological features, comparing the morphological resemblance between the two groups offers new perspectives for interdisciplinary research, extending from traditional archaeology to planetary archaeology.

II. Locations of Discovery

1. Earth – Giza Plateau, Egypt

The pyramids are located on the Giza Plateau, west of the Nile River, forming part of the necropolis of the Fourth Dynasty pharaohs. The area has been excavated and studied since the 19th century by archaeologists such as Sir Flinders Petrie and expeditions of the Egypt Exploration Fund.

2. Mars – Cydonia Mensae or Arabia Terra (depending on the imagery)

Satellite images taken by Mars Express (ESA) between 2004 and 2009 document various elevated hills with sharp peaks, forming triangular silhouettes when illuminated by low-angle sunlight. These formations are interpreted as the result of:

• Aeolian erosion

• Long-term weathering of basalt and ancient sediment

• Tectonic processes or meteor impacts

There is no archaeological evidence indicating artificial construction.

III. Chronology

Earth

• Pyramid of Khufu: built approx. 2580–2560 BCE

• Pyramid of Khafre: built approx. 2570 BCE

• Pyramid of Menkaure: built approx. 2510 BCE

These dates are supported by historical records, radiocarbon dating, and epigraphic analysis.

Mars

• The Martian landforms are estimated to have formed hundreds of millions to billions of years ago, corresponding to the Noachian and Hesperian geological periods.

• No evidence supports intervention by intelligent life.

IV. Materials

1. Earth

• Tura limestone (outer casing, highly reflective)

• Aswan granite (inner chambers and structural components)

• Gypsum mortar and Nile mud mortar

These materials were quarried from nearby sites and transported by manpower, sledges, and boats along the Nile.

2. Mars

• Primarily basaltic rock, wind-deposited sediment, and iron oxide minerals producing the planet’s reddish hue.

• The pyramid-shaped formations are fully natural, not processed materials.

V. Craftsmanship and Formation Processes

Earth

The Giza pyramids were crafted by human hands with advanced techniques:

• Stone-cutting with copper tools, supplemented by wooden wedges for expansion

• Precise astronomical alignment, especially toward true north

• Placement of stone blocks weighing 2–70 tons with an average slope of 51°

• Stepped core structure to distribute weight effectively

They represent the peak of ancient engineering.

Mars

Martian formations were shaped entirely by natural processes:

• High-velocity winds eroding softer layers

• Thermal stress and ice activity causing fracturing

• Meteor impacts uplifting resistant materials

• Light and shadow effects causing pyramid-like visual impressions

No craftsmanship or architectural intent is present.

VI. Significance and Functions

1. Earth

The Giza pyramids served multiple purposes:

• Royal tombs

• Symbols of political and divine authority

• Astronomical markers for solar cycles and calendar systems

• Sacred monuments tied to beliefs about the afterlife

Their cultural value extends far beyond Egypt, becoming icons of human civilization.

2. Mars

The pyramid-like hills on Mars:

• Have no artificial function

• Hold scientific significance for studies of:

  • Martian climate history

  • Aeolian weathering

  • Past water activity

  • Earth–Mars geomorphological comparison

Planetary archaeologists treat them as geological records of planetary evolution.

VII. Discovering Organizations

Earth

Generations of archaeologists since the 19th century have excavated the Giza Plateau, including:

• Egypt Exploration Society

• Harvard University – Boston Museum Expedition

• Cairo University’s Egyptology Insтιтute

Modern studies employ lidar, satellite imagery, and material analysis.

Mars

The organizations responsible for pH๏τographing and analyzing Martian terrain:

• ESA (European Space Agency) – Mars Express with HRSC

• NASA – Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter with HiRISE

• DLR (German Aerospace Center) and FU Berlin

These insтιтutions conduct orbital observation, not excavation.

VIII. Conclusion

Comparing the man-made pyramids of Earth and the natural pyramid-like formations on Mars does not argue for artificial connections but expands archaeological perspective—from human heritage to planetary geomorphology. The resemblance is a coincidence of natural processes, while the archaeological significance belongs firmly to the Giza pyramids, whose history, culture, and engineering reflect the creativity of early human civilizations.